Engines of learning? Policy instruments, cities and climate governance

Abstract This contribution investigates how combinations of instruments, often called policy mixes, enhance learning processes at different levels. It analyzes the European Union’s (EU) Covenant Mayors (CoM) that is underpinned by a set to promote local action for sustainable energy and climate. The piece offers an original framework explore whether enhances level institutions among governments. Drawing on extensive documentary review elite interviews in four countries (Germany, Italy, Poland UK), analysis shows CoM instrument mix has enhanced certain elements within actors leading as well many governments outside EU, but only if conditions operate, such political leadership, individual motivation knowledge regional coordination mechanisms.